In future research, longitudinal studies on cigarette use patterns, including transition, are needed to understand the causal effect of dual use on nicotine dependence
e-cigarette industry, but that is only 4 to 5 percent of the total U.S
Moreover, classifications by many of the measures of nicotine dependence are strongly related to measures of the quantity/frequency of tobacco use and/or serum cotinine concentrations (Clark et al
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Am J Med Sci 359:137139 Triantafyllou GA, Tiberio PJ, Zou RH et al (2019) Vaping-associated acute lung injury: a case series