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Keller-Hamilton, the epidemiologist, acknowledges that nicotine itself is not carcinogenic, and users do find it has some cognitive benefits
The upregulation of PPAR in the presence of macrophages might thus reflect a compensatory mechanism aimed at enhancing lipid catabolism and mitigating smoke-induced lipid dysregulation, oxidative stress and inflammation
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1694729 Received 28 August 2025 Accepted 10 October 2025 Published 27 October 2025 Volume 13 - 2025 Edited by Prashanth GP, National University of Science and Technology (Muscat), Oman Reviewed by Heni Nurhaeni, Health Polytechnic of Jakarta I, Indonesia Alaa Sarkees, Duhok Polytechnic University, Iraq Updates Copyright 2025 Ba-Break, Bewick, Elsey, Huss, Ensor, Saleh, Donnelly and Osman
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