Castration-induced androgen deficiency is strongly associated with the deterioration of ETC in the skeletal muscle, increases in H 2 O 2 in plasma, and malondialdehyde in cardiomocytes (124), which accelerates cardiomyocyte apoptosis (69)
Preclinical rodent studies support effects on angiogenesis, endothelial function, and nitric-oxide-related signaling, though these effects are reproducible in animals but not yet validated in humans
J Endocrinol 202(3):431439 Harkavyi A, Abuirmeileh A, Lever R, Kingsbury AE, Biggs CS, Whitton PS (2008) Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor stimulation reverses key deficits in distinct rodent models of Parkinsons disease
However, it does not directly cause significant hormonal variations that lead to muscle growth
Research suggests inositol may also play a role in insulin signaling, which is important for blood sugar regulation and weight management