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Downstream DAMP-associated microglia activation results in the assembly of the classical NADPH oxidase on the plasma membrane, resulting in the release of superoxides into the extracellular space, where they contribute to neuronal damage ( 4.3.2 Parkinsons disease Oxidative stress has also been linked to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinsons Disease (PD) ( Beyond oxidative damage, alpha-synuclein ( -syn) aggregation is a central pathological hallmark of PD, as it is the major component of Lewy bodiesabnormal deposits of proteins found in the brains of patients with PD ( -syn is due in part to post-translation modification, particularly phosphorylation and nitration that can be exacerbated by oxidative stress ( in vivo , they do not fully recapitulate PD neuropathology with -syn aggregation ( 4.4 Summary of sulforaphane in preclinical models of neuronal disorders Preclinical sulforaphane studies in cell culture highlight an emerging theme of sulforaphane-mediated neuroprotection, namely the efficacy of low sulforaphane doses (Table 2)

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To verify this hypothesis, we proceeded to extract SP-derived exosomes (as shown in Supplementary Fig

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